A.CRE Apartment Development Model (Updated Dec 2024)
For several years now, our library of real estate models has been lacking a robust ground-up apartment development model. Sure, our All-in-One (Ai1) model has the capability to model multifamily development deals, but it’s more a generalist tool than a specialized one. As a result, I’ve found it wanting when used to model developments.
So a few months back, I decided to build the ideal (in my eyes) apartment development model. I laid out some basic criteria for what I viewed as the optimal real estate development model, and then set out to build it for multifamily investments. It’s been a really fun project and I’m excited to share the results with the A.CRE audience. Below you’ll find an overview of the model, a video guide to getting started, and a link to download the model.
I’ve followed up this post with additional tutorials and support, similar to the type of resources I’ve created for the Ai1. The model has also been through several iterations, with recent updates including the addition of an Annual Cash Flow report tab, a detailed lease-up model, and the option to use variable rate construction interest. I hope you enjoy the model!
Update: In version 2.94, I used a ChatGPT custom GPT we built called the ‘A.CRE Code Helper for Financial Models‘ to improve the code and add code comments to all 31 macros in this model. I then tested each macro. However, given the GPT made hundreds of code changes, there may be bugs I didn’t catch. So, please let us know if you run into any issues.
Basic Objectives – A.CRE Apartment Development Model
As I planned out my ideal apartment development model, there were a few criteria that guided the model’s creation. First, I wanted the model to be robust – meaning the model had to be able to do everything an institutional-quality multifamily development model can do. I’ve seen hundreds of institutional (and non-institutional) real estate models in my career, and I can honestly say this model holds its own in terms of features and functionality.
Second, I wanted it to be simple and intuitive. It seems conventional modeling wisdom is, the more comprehensive a model, the more tabs it must have. And I’m as guilty of this as the next guy – my Ai1 model has 30+ tabs! However, I wanted this project to be different. I set out to build the apartment development model with just one assumptions tab, and one report tab. And while I’ve since added two optional tabs that also have inputs (Detailed OpEx and Retail Income tabs), all assumptions necessary to run a full analysis are housed on one simple to use and navigate tab.
The Summary tab includes six charts that visualize the results of the analysis.
Finally, I wanted the model to be visually appealing. I paid special attention to heading, subheading, input, output, and other formatting elements. I built attractive toggle and recalculate buttons, and separated the various sections using attractive formatting styles. The printer-friendly Summary tab, which displays the high-level outcomes of the analysis, uses custom charts and sections to visualize the cash flow, risk, and return results. While I admit what is visually appealing is in the eye of the beholder, I’m pleased with the results and hope you will be too.
This model likely still contains errors. If you spot an error, have a feature request, or would like to make a suggestion to improve the model, please let me know.
Overview – A.CRE Apartment Development Model
The A.CRE Apartment Development Model includes one primary inputs tab, one summary report tab, one optional cash flow report tab, two optional input tabs, one data tab, and a tab to track version changes to the model.
Version Tab (Visible by default)
The model opens initially to this tab so you can see what changes have been made in the most recent version of the model. On this tab you can also find links to model tutorials, guides, support, and other information.
Underwriting Tab (Visible by default)
The Underwriting tab is where all of your primary inputs are entered. The tab is broken up into six sections, built from top to bottom. The sections can be accessed either by scrolling down to each or using the buttons along the top of the screen. The six sections are ‘Description’, ‘Development’, ‘Operations’, ‘Reversion (Sale)’, ‘Returns’, and ‘Sensitivity’.
Summary Tab (Visible by default)
While the return metrics levered IRR, levered EMx, and Development Spread are shown shown along the top of the Underwriting tab, the bulk of the risk and return metrics are shown/visualized on the Summary tab. The summary tab also includes six charts, a strengths/weaknesses section, a frame to include a picture/map, and a summary of the investment. The Summary tab is meant to be printed, and as such the view mode is set to Print Preview by default.
Annual Cash Flow (Hidden by default)
In beta v0.7, we added an Annual Cash Flow report tab. The tab rolls up the monthly cash flows to annual periods, so you can view high-level cash flows on one page. The report is printable. You can access the report by pressing the ‘Show’ toggle on the Summary tab with the Property Cash Flow section.
Retail Income Tab (Hidden by default)
On the Underwriting tab, the user has the option to model retail income. When this mode is toggled on, a ‘Retail Income’ tab becomes available. In this tab, the user enters a retail rent roll, expense recovery assumptions, basis retail operating expense assumptions, and leasing cost assumptions. The outcomes from this tab flow back to the Underwriting tab, where retail line items (e.g. ‘Retail Income’ and Retail Leasing Cost Reserves’) are added to the analysis.
Detail Expenses Tab (Hidden by default)
Similar to modeling retail income, on the Underwriting tab the user has the option to toggle a detailed operating expenses mode. Rather than entering annual values for the ten preset operating expense line items, when the user toggles the ‘Detailed’ operating expense mode on the Underwriting tab, a ‘Detail Expense’ tab becomes available where the user can detail out operating expenses. The detail then flows back to the Underwriting tab.
Data Tab (Hidden by default)
Some basic backend settings are housed in a Data tab. These settings are related to the s-curve development cash flow forecasting module, date and period headers, and may include other settings as the model evolves.
Guides and Tutorials for Using the Model
View a series of in-depth written guides and and video tutorials for using the various components of the Apartment Development model.
Compatibility
This version of the model is only compatible with Excel 2013, Excel 2016, and Excel 365
Download the A.CRE Apartment Development Model
To make this model accessible to everyone, it is offered on a “Pay What You’re Able” basis with no minimum (enter $0 if you’d like) or maximum (your support helps keep the content coming – typical real estate development models sell for $100 – $300+ per license). Just enter a price together with an email address to send the download link to, and then click ‘Continue’. If you have any questions about our “Pay What You’re Able” program or why we offer our models on this basis, please reach out to either Mike or Spencer.
We regularly update the model (see version notes). Paid contributors to the model receive a new download link via email each time the model is updated.
Version Notes
v2.95
- Ran Workbook optimization; 23,486 cells were optimized to improve workbook performance
- Turned off ‘Format Stale Values’; Calculation Method set to ‘Partial’
- Renamed Levered IRR and Levered EMx to G-Levered IRR and G-Levered EMx to reiterate that they are Gross returns (i.e. property-level returns)
- Added GROSS and NET to IRR/EMx labels Property-Level returns and Partnership Level Returns respectively
- Updated placeholder values
v2.941
- Removed erroneous line in the PermDebt_Deactivate() macro added in v 2.94 that hid the wrong rows when turning off the PermDebt module
- Updated various placeholder values
v2.94
- Updated Calc_Loan_AND_Dev_Fee () macro and Recalculate () macros to allow the user to change worksheet names without breaking the macro
- Fixed Sgl. Promote button formatting when Dbl. Promote is activated
- Used ‘A.CRE Code Helper for Financial Models GPT‘ to add code comments to all 31 macros in the following modules to help users better understand the code:
- Budget
- General
- Operating
- PermDebt
- Retail
- Returns
- Sensitivity
- Used ‘A.CRE Code Helper for Financial Models GPT’ to improve efficiency of code
- As hundreds of code changes were made, tested each macro individually
- Misc updates to the ‘Version’ tab
v2.933
- Updated Calc_Loan_AND_Dev_Fee () macro to avoid situations where an erroneous formula in ‘Equity Total’ errors the macro
- Updated various placeholder values
v2.932
- Fixed a VBA compile error in the ‘Recalculate’ subroutine
v2.931
- Fixed issue where Income and Expense growth were not calculating correctly in cases where growth begin month was later than Operation Begin month
- Updated various placeholder values
v2.93
- Fixed issue where Retail Income was double counted in DCF cash flows (only applicable when Retail Income module turned on)
- Added Headings to Retail Income worksheet
v2.921
- Added ‘Assumption Notes’ section to Underwriting tab; open/close using the [+] / [-] button at the top of column O; use notes to support inputs on each row
v2.92
- Added logic to allow GP to contribute 100% of equity capital
- Added IFERROR() statements to LP cash flow
- Added IFERROR() statements to LP return metrics
- Fixed Vacancy link in Sensitivity Analysis #1
- Updated various placeholder values
v2.913
- Fixed issue where Vacancy and Credit Loss line on the Annual Cash Flow tab was only pulling in Credit loss assumption
- Modified Gross Potential Income and Effective Gross Income formulas on Annual Cash Flow tab to be dynamic to Analysis Period
v2.912
- Fixed issue where Vacancy and Credit Loss line on Summary tab was only pulling in Credit loss assumption
v2.911
- Fixed issue where the DCF component of EGR wasn’t including General Vacancy
v2.91
- Created a Residual Land Value tool
- Used OpenAI’s GPT-3 to write the macro
- Created named cells for Development Spread and Land Cost
- Added button to the Summary tab to run the tool
- Updated various placeholder values
v2.90
- Added AUM Fee module added to ‘Partnership Cash Flow’ module
- New inputs added to row 290 of the Underwriting tab: AUM Fee type, AUM Fee %, and AUM Fee start month
- Renamed the ‘Developer Fee to GP’ label to ‘Developer Fee to GP + AUM Fee’ (ET213)
- Updated Levered Cash Flow line available to distribute to partners to reduce by the amount of AUM fee (starting at ET198 on the Underwriting tab)
- Updated the formula logic in row 213 (starting at ET213) to include the AUM fee to GP
v2.89
- Fixed issue where growth rate for ‘Expenses’ wasn’t appearing on the Summary tab
- Renamed the label ‘Annual Expense Growth’ to ‘Annual Expense Growth Begin Month’; row 115 on the Underwriting tab
- Changed Sensitivity table #4 to sensitize various Rental Growth begin months
v2.881
- Separated General Vacancy and Credit Loss into separate lines in Reversion Cash Flow section
v2.88
- Fixed issue where Other Income items count, required for Delete Other Income macro, had been unintentionally deleted.
- Added detailed Income and Expense growth assumptions
- Updated General Vacancy and Credit Loss module
- Added input to calculate General Vacancy and Credit Loss either based on Total Potential Income, Total Rental Income, or Gross Rent
- Separated General Vacancy and Credit Loss into separate lines
- Misc. updates to placeholder values
v2.873
- Fixed issue where Operating Expense line items on Annual Cash Flow tab wasn’t synced to Underwriting tab
v2.872
- Reverted Development Fee logic back to an ‘Input’ amount rather than an ‘Input’ percentage; this was a trade-off decision based on challenges with the macro
- Added functionality to allow for 0% LTC during Construction
- Re-wrote macros to update new Development Fee and 0% LTC during construction logic
v2.871
- Fixed issue where, entering a Development Fee input with too many decimal places caused the Recalculate Macro to hang
v2.87
- Fixed issue where, for purposes of calculating Blended Interest Rate, the rate was not blended pari passu in pari passu situations
- Added ‘Total Construction Debt Balance’ line to calculation module (EP78:JX78)
- Added a SUMPRODUCT calculation to the Construction Debt Annual Rate (cell E58) to represent the blended annual rate over the hold period
- Changed Pro Forma ‘Loss-to-Lease’ cell (I98) to blue, to allow user to add a Loss-to-Lease to Pro Forma NOI
v2.86
- Improved Project Cost graph on Summary tab
- Created new ranges for each of Land Costs, Hard Costs, Soft Costs, and Carry Costs,
- Changed chart to ‘Stacked Column’ chart type
- Added newly created ranges to the Project Cost graph
- Updated heading for Project Cost graph
v2.85
- Added functionality to model Capital Reserves either below NOI or above NOI
- Created ‘Capital Reserves Placement’ input in cell E115
- Added logic to Make Ready Cost label in OpEx to rename Capital Reserve when Capital Reserve placement is above NOI
- Updated logic in Detailed Operating Expense logic to account for new Capital Reserve Placement input
- Misc. updates to placeholder inputs
- Misc. formatting fixes and changes
v2.84
- Removed unnecessary rows from Annual Cash Flow tab
- Fixed issue where stabilized Cash-on-Cash return was appearing on the Summary tab (cell F28) when no permanent debt was used
- Misc. updates to placeholder inputs
v2.833
- Fixed issue where setting the Operation Begin date to before the construction end date broke the model
v2.832
- Fixed issue where setting the Operation Begin date to before the construction end date broke the model
- Optimized Recalculate macro for speed
- Added decimal place to Development Fee /Rentable SF(M2)
- Added ‘Franchise Tax’ as default line item under Property Tax on Detail Expenses
v2.831
- Moved Loss-to-Lease module to cell EP143 to fix issue where new loss-to-lease module breaks model when Other Income items are added or deleted
v2.83
- Revamped Loss-to-Lease module to solve issue where rent gapped upon new market rent increase
- Added Initial Lease and 2nd Generation Lease tracking (EW103:EW107)
- Calculating in-place rent at aggregate (EW108)
- Loss-to-lease based on lease length, in-place vs. market rent (EW109)
- Linked actual loss-to-lease line (row 98) to module EW109
v2.821
- Fixed error in ‘Equity Proceeds from Capital Event’ line (Underwriting row 209), where Permanent Debt cash flows were not included in the calculation
v2.82
- Added logic to Recalculate VBA macro to solve for issue where user adds a formula to the Total Equity or Total Development Fee cells
v2.81
- Fixed issue where ‘Development Fee’ label was changed when deleting Soft Cost line items
v2.8
- Added functionality to fund Construction + Mezzanine Debt pari passu (at the same time)
- Updated label for ‘Funding Order’ to make identifying the input value (D62) easier
- Added drop-down menu to cell D62, whereby user can change order for second tranche of debt to ‘One’ – this results in secondary debt funding pari passu
- Updated formulas in rows 57 and 58 to fund debt pari passu when both debt tranches ‘Funding Order’ are set to ‘One’
- Added Error Check to cell K71
- Misc. formatting updates
v2.72
- Added link to ‘Best Practices in Real Estate Financial Modeling’ guide for newer users of A.CRE models
- Fixed issue where Equity Sources on the Summary report were not calculating correctly when there was operating shortfall post-stabilization
v2.71
- Fixed issue where Recalculate feature didn’t work when Mezz debt was added
v2.7
- Fixed issue where Sources on summary tab was not correct in case of Double Promote
- Added IFERROR logic to General Partner return metrics to accommodate 0% contribution by GP
- Development Fee now driven by percentage of Total Project Costs
- Rebuilt recalculate macro to account for circular nature of new Development Fee module
- Added ‘Recalculate Logic’ section starting in row 289
- Created a ‘Calc_Loan_AND_Dev_Fee ()’ macro to run a goal seek until LTC and Dev Fee match their actual user inputs
- Rebuilt ‘Recalculate ()’ macro to loop ‘Calc_Loan_AND_Dev_Fee ()’ macro until LTC and Dev Fee match their actual user inputs
- Added new feature to check for Circular References before running Recalculate
- Added logic to ‘Recalculate ()’ macro that turns off ‘Iterative Calc’ when run; this is necessary for the model to run correctly
- Misc. formatting enhancements and updates
v2.61
- Revised Sources and Uses table on Summary tab to only pull initial Sources (not additional equity required during hold)
- Updated placeholder value for Permanent Debt (Underwriting I17) to also include loan fees in total loan amount
v2.6
- Now includes ability to add loan and closing fees to permanent debt
- Added ‘Loan Funding Fee + Closing Cost’ assumption to cell H78
- Added ‘Loan Funding Fee + Closing Cost’ amount to cell I78
- Updated formula in row 78 to deduce loan fees and closing costs
- Revised default ‘Sale Month’ input formula to use 120 when ‘Perm. Debt’ module is turned on, otherwise 12 months following stabilization
- Fixed header on Annual Cash Flow tab – “ANALYSIS START” (cell R4) output was not dynamic
- Minor update to dummy input values
- Misc. formatting enhancements
v2.5
- Changed the ‘Construction Loan’ and ‘Mezzanine Loan’ labels to blue font to denote an input; change order of funding by changing label
- Updated Construction Loan and Mezzanine Loan funding labels to link to the new label inputs for each field
- Misc. formatting updates
v2.4
- Fixed ‘Analysis Month’ label on ‘Annual Cash Flow’ tab
- Replaced ‘Analysis Date’ with ‘Period Ending’ label on ‘Annual Cash Flow’ tab
- Added ‘Mezzanine Loan’ tranche to Construction Debt (Underwriting tab)
- Construction debt consists of 1. Construction Loan and 2. Mezzanine Loan
- Added ‘Construction Loan’ and ‘Mezzanine Loan’ assumptions (rows 60-63)
- Added variable interest rate line for Mezzanine Debt
- Updated Variable Rate logic to include Mezzanine Loan
- Added Mezzanine Loan and Construction Loan calculation module (ET62:JX62 and EP75:JX76)
- Replaced ‘Annual Rate’ calculation in cell E57 with a Blended Rate calculation between the two forms of construction debt
- Added ‘Funding by Construction Debt Type’ cash flows to rows 56:58
- Updated ‘SOURCES’ section of Summary tab to include Mezzanine Loan
- Misc. formatting enhancements and fixes
v2.3
- Added Perm. Debt DSCR metric; see Summary tab (Key Assumptions and Return Metrics) and Underwriting tab (cell G74)
- Added Stabilized Yr. 1 Cash-on-Cash Return metric; see Summary tab (Key Assumptions and Return Metrics) and Underwriting tab (cell F136)
- Built a ‘GP Catch Up’ module into ‘Waterfall (GP/LP)’ section
- Drop-down menu appears in cells C229:D229 when ‘GP Distribution %’ in Pref. Return tier is less than ‘GP Contribution Share %’
- When ‘GP Catch Up?’ drop-down is set to ‘Yes’ and once LP hits 1st tier IRR, 100% of cash flow is distributed to GP until it “catches up” with LP IRR
- Misc formatting enhancements
v2.2
- Added input (F48) to choose percentage of lease-up income to use for interest; unpaid construction interest accrues to interest reserve
- Updated Construction Interest Calculation logic to allow for Construction Loan Takeout prior to stabilization
- Updated Operating Shortfall to allow for Construction Loan Takeout prior to stabilization
- Added data validation to ‘Perm. Debt Funding Month’ input to ensure Perm. Debt funds after construction end
v2.1
- Fixed error in SUM() for /SF and /Unit totals for first three items on Detail Expenses module
- Fixed error where ‘Insurance’ was growing by up to 2x the growth assumption when ‘Fixed’ was set to some value >0%
v2.0
- Fixed minor error in Annual Cash Flow date header formula
- Changed default financing cost period to 0; default Waterfall type to ‘Single Promote’
- Renamed ‘Development Period Cash Flows’ section to ‘Investment Period Cash Flows’
- Nominally improved accuracy of construction interest calculation
- Renamed ‘Debt’ to ‘Construction Debt’
- Add Permanent Debt Module
- New section within Investment Cash Flow section entitled ‘Permanent Debt’
- Assumptions include: Funding Month, Fixed Interest Rate, Interest-Only or Amortizing
- Added toggle (row 71 of Underwriting tab) to activate and deactivate the new Permanent Debt Module
- Created ‘PermDebt_Activate’ and ‘PermDebt_Deactivate’ macros to turn module on and off
- Revised ‘Returns – Property-Level Cash Flows’ section to include Permanent Debt Funding, Payoff, and Debt Service
- Removed portions of property-level cash flow on ‘Annual Cash Flow’ tab; will expand in next version of the model
- Misc. formatting
v1.0
- Now includes option to use square meters or square feet
- Added SF and M2 toggle in cell I8 of Underwriting tab
- Various label and logic updates to accommodate option to use square meters
- Updated header logic to be dynamic to SF vs. M2 toggle
- Added Stabilized Value /Unit and /SF (or /M2) metrics to rows 179 and 180 of the Underwriting tab
- Fixed mislabeled header (/Rentable SF instead of /Unit) in rows 55 and 60 of Underwriting tab
- Added conditional formatting in cell E57 of Underwriting tab; now reads ‘Detail —>’ when ‘Variable Rate’ is used
- Added ‘/Unit’ metric to sale proforma (D175:D179 of Underwriting tab)
- Added ‘/SF/YR/’ (or ‘/M2/YR’) metric to retail income and retail leasing costs lines
- Mill rate metric now included on row 162 of Underwriting tab for Untrended, Trended, and Sale pro formas
- Changed JV waterfall to use Promote assumption rather than ‘Distribution %” assumption (G215:G219, G236:G240 on Underwriting tab)
- Misc. formatting fixes and enhancements
beta v0.8
- Fixed issue where Show_Calc macro wasn’t working
- Fixed issue where ‘Analysis Start’ date in header on the Summary tab wasn’t linked to input on Underwriting tab
- Fixed Unlevered ROI formula on summary tab; had been dividing by Total Project Cost including financing costs
beta v0.7
- Updated IRR formulas to allow for scenarios where there is no cash flow in time 0
- Added printable ‘Annual Cash Flow’ report tab (shown by default); monthly cash flows from Underwriting tab rolled up for reporting purposes
- Created toggle to hide/show Annual Cash Flow report (see right side of Summary tab – Property Level Cash Flow section)
- Cleaned up Misc. VBA code
- Misc. formatting fixes/improvements
beta v0.6
- Fixed issue on Detail Expenses tab where font for ‘Turnover Assumption’ input was black, rather than blue
- Added option to use Variable, rather than Fixed, construction loan interest rate (see ‘Fixed/Variable toggle under ‘Sources’ – Underwriting tab)
- Includes new required input – variable interest rate by month – when Variable is toggled on
- Includes two new macros: Fixed_Rate and Variable_Rate
- Includes Fixed and Variable buttons under ‘Sources’ section of Underwriting tab
beta v0.5
- Built new Detailed Lease Up Module (see Row 73)
- Added Basic vs Detailed Lease Up Toggle in the ‘Income’ subsection of the ‘Operating Period Cash Flows’ section
- Coded two new macros – one to activate basic lease up underwriting, the other to activate detailed lease up underwriting
- Added logic such that the ‘Leased %’ row becomes an input (blue font cell) when detailed lease up activated
- Added logic such that when reverting from Detailed to Basic underwriting, Leased % formulas revert to default
- Misc. formatting fixes
- Added Retail Module tutorial
- Added Detailed Operating Expense tutorial
beta v0.42
- Renamed Total Construction Cost to Total Project Cost on Underwriting tab
- Added Expense Growth Month and Expense Growth Year line item
- Corrected issue where Income/Expense Growth Year was mislabeled month, not year
- Added option to differentiate between Income growth begin and Expense growth begin month
- Locked line for Development Fee under Soft Costs so that it flows to GP cash flows/returns (if applicable)
beta v0.41
- Added “Detail” option to development cash flow modeling
- Added Growth Begin assumption for operating income and expenses
- Added Valuation/Unit metric to Summary tab
